Measures and References: Adverse Experiences

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children (TESI-C) (Ippen et al., 2002): Parent-report and child-report evaluations of exposure to traumatic events such as accidents, disasters, domestic violence, community violence, physical abuse, and sexual abuse.

References

Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335-340.

Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., … Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174-186.

Barnett, D.; Manly, J. T.; Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In: Cicchetti, D., & Toth, SL. (Eds.). _Child abuse, child development, and social policy _(pp.7-73). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Berman, S. L., Montgomery, M. J., & Ratner, K. (2020). Trauma and identity: A reciprocal relationship? Journal of Adolescence, 79, 275-278.

Bremner, J. D. (2003). Long-term effects of childhood abuse on brain and neurobiology. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(2), 271-292.

Burenkova, O. V., Naumova, O. Y., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2021). Stress in the onset and aggravation of learning disabilities. Developmental Review, 61, 100968.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). State and local area integrated telephone survey: National survey of children's health. April 2013. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/slaits/nsch.htm

Copeland, W.E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E.J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 577-584.

Delker, B. C., Smith, C. P., Rosenthal, M. N., Bernstein, R. E., & Freyd, J. J. (2017). When home is where the harm is: Family betrayal and posttraumatic outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 1-24.

DePrince, A. P., Weinzierl, K. M., & Combs, M. D. (2009). Executive function performance and trauma exposure in a community sample of children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(6), 353-361.

DuBois, D. L., Felner, R. D., Meares, H., & Krier, M. (1994). Prospective investigation of the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage, life stress, and social support on early adolescent adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(3), 511-522.

Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2015). Prevalence of childhood exposure to violence, crime, and abuse: Results from the national survey of children's exposure to violence. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 746-754.

Gordon, M., & Barkley, R. A. (1998). Psychological testing and observational measures. In R. A. Barkley (Ed.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: A handbook for clinicians. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.

Harms, M. B., Shannon Bowen, K. E., Hanson, J. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2018). Instrumental learning and cognitive flexibility processes are impaired in children exposed to early life stress. Developmental science, 21(4), e12596.

Immordino-Yang, M.H. (2007). A tale of two cases: Lessons for education from the study of two boys living with half their brains. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1, 66-83.

Ippen, C. G., Ford, J., Racusin, R., Acker, M., Bosquet, M., Rogers, K., . . . , & Edwards, J. (2002). Traumatic Events Screening Inventory—Parent Report Revised. San Francisco, CA: The Child Trauma Research Project of the Early Trauma Network and The National Center for PTSD Dartmouth Child Trauma Research Group.

Jernigan, M. M., & Daniel, J. H. (2011). Racial trauma in the lives of Black children and adolescents: Challenges and clinical implications. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4(2), 123-141.

Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 706-716.

Ometto, M., de Oliveira, P. A., Milioni, A. L., Dos Santos, B., Scivoletto, S., Busatto, G. F., ... & Cunha, P. J. (2016). Social skills and psychopathic traits in maltreated adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(4), 397-405.

Sacks, V., Murphy, D., & Moore, K. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences: National and state-level prevalence (#2014-28). Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.

Sadeh, A. (1996). Stress, trauma, and sleep in children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 685-700.

Samplin, E., Ikuta, T., Malhotra, A. K., Szeszko, P. R., & DeRosse, P. (2013). Sex differences in resilience to childhood maltreatment: Effects of trauma history on hippocampal volume, general cognition and subclinical psychosis in healthy adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(9), 1174-1179.

Sanderud, K., Murphy, S., & Elklit, A. (2016). Child maltreatment and ADHD symptoms in a sample of young adults. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 32061.

Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906-916.

Spann, M. N., Mayes, L. C., Kalmar, J. H., Guiney, J., Womer, F. Y., Pittman, B., ... & Blumberg, H. P. (2012). Childhood abuse and neglect and cognitive flexibility in adolescents. Child Neuropsychology, 18(2), 182-189.

Turney, K. (2020). Cumulative adverse childhood experiences and children's health. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105538.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau. (2002-2019). Child maltreatment 2000-2017. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.