Return to References: Civic Mindedness factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
Civic Outcomes for Elementary School: (Chi, B., et al., 2006): A set of instruments developed to measure civic skills in elementary classrooms, including knowledge, thinking, disposition, and participation.
Adair, J. K., Phillips, L., Ritchie, J., & Sachdeva, S. (2017). Civic action and play: Examples from Maori, Aboriginal Australian and Latino communities. Early Child Development and Care, 187(5–6), 798–811.
Aknin, L. B., Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Hamlin, J. K. (2018). Positive feelings reward and promote prosocial behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 55-59.
Allen, D., & Kidd, D. (2022). Civic learning for the 21st century: Disentangling the “thin” and “thick” elements of civic identity to support civic education. In Handbook of Philosophy of Education (pp. 27-41). Routledge.
Astuto, J., & Ruck, M. D. (2010). Early Childhood as a Foundation for Civic Engagement. In L. R. Sherrod, J. Torney-Purta, & C. A. Flanagan (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth (pp. 249–275). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Barton, K. C., & Ho, L. C. (2021). Curriculum for justice and harmony: Deliberation, knowledge, and action in social and civic education. Routledge.
Bevilacqua, L., Kelly, Y., Heilmann, A., Priest, N., & Lacey, R. E. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and trajectories of internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors from childhood to adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 112, 104890.
Bouchard, C., Sylvestre, A., & Forget-Dubois, N. (2020). Why are boys perceived as less prosocial than girls by their early childhood educators? The role of pragmatic skills in preschool and kindergarten children. Educational Psychology, 40(10), 1190-1210.
Brannon, D. (2008). Character education: it's a joint responsibility: instilling positive character traits in children requires teachers, parents, and administrators to work together. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 44(2), 62-65.
Caputi, M., Lecce, S., Pagnin, A., & Banerjee, R. (2012). Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations: the role of prosocial behavior. Developmental psychology, 48(1), 257.
Choi, J., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. (2011). Relationships among cooperative learning experiences, social interdependence, children's aggression, victimization, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(4), 976-1003.
Dahl, A., & Brownell, C. A. (2019). The social origins of human prosociality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(3), 274-279.
Erickson, J. D., & Thompson, W. C. (2019). Preschool as a Wellspring for Democracy: Endorsing Traits of Reasonableness in Early Childhood Education. Democracy and Education, 27(1), 1–10.
Fu, W., Wang, C., Chai, H., & Xue, R. (2022). Examining the relationship of empathy, social support, and prosocial behavior of adolescents in China: A structural equation modeling approach. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), 1-8.
Grueneisen, S., & Warneken, F. (2022). The development of prosocial behavior—From sympathy to strategy. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 323–328.
Hauver, J. (2019). Young children's civic mindedness: Democratic living and learning in an unequal world. Routledge.
Jain, S., Cohen, A. K., Kawashima-Ginsberg, K., Duarte, C. D. P., & Pope, A. (2019). Civic engagement among youth exposed to community violence: Directions for research and practice. Journal of Youth Development, 14(1), 24-47.
Melaville, A., Berg, A. C., & Blank, M. J. (2006). Community-Based Learning: Engaging Students for Success and Citizenship. Coalition for Community Schools.
Misch, A., Over, H., & Carpenter, M. (2016). I won't tell: Young children show loyalty to their group by keeping group secrets. Journal of experimental child psychology, 142, 96-106.
Mitra, D., & Serriere, S. C. (2015). Civic education in the elementary grades: Promoting student engagement in an era of accountability. Teachers College Press.
Mitra, D. L., & Serriere, S. C. (2012). Student voice in elementary school reform: Examining youth development in fifth graders. American Educational Research Journal, 49(4), 743-774.
Ochs, E., & Izquierdo, C. (2009). Responsibility in childhood: Three developmental trajectories. Ethos, 37(4), 391-413
Over, H., Vaish, A., & Tomasello, M. (2016). Do young children accept responsibility for the negative actions of ingroup members?. Cognitive Development, 40, 24-32.
Over, H. (2016). The origins of belonging: Social motivation in infants and young children. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1686), 20150072.
Payne, K. A., Adair, J. K., Colegrove, K. S. S., Lee, S., Falkner, A., McManus, M., & Sachdeva, S. (2020). Reconceptualizing civic education for young children: Recognizing embodied civic action. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 15(1), 35–46.
Plötner, M., Over, H., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2015). The effects of collaboration and minimal-group membership on children's prosocial behavior, liking, affiliation, and trust. Journal of experimental child psychology, 139, 161-173.
Smedje, H., Broman, J. E., & Hetta, J. (2001). Associations between disturbed sleep and behavioural difficulties in 635 children aged six to eight years: a study based on parents' perceptions. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 10, 1-9.
Spinrad, T. L., & Gal, D. E. (2018). Fostering prosocial behavior and empathy in young children. Current opinion in psychology, 20, 40-44.
Stewart, D., & Sun, J. (2004). How can we build resilience in primary school aged children? The importance of social support from adults and peers in family, school and community settings. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 16(1), 37-41.
Swalwell, K., & Payne, K. A. (2019). Critical Civic Education for Young Children. Multicultural Perspectives, 21(2), 127–132.
Tso, W., Rao, N., Jiang, F., Li, A. M., Lee, S. L., Ho, F. K. W., ... & Ip, P. (2016). Sleep duration and school readiness of Chinese preschool children. The Journal of pediatrics, 169, 266-271
Vollhardt, J. R. (2009). Altruism born of suffering and prosocial behavior following adverse life events: A review and conceptualization. Social Justice Research, 22, 53-97.
Walker & Frimer. (2015). Developmental Trajectories of Agency and Communion in Moral Motivation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 61(3), 412.
Wray‐Lake, L., & Syvertsen, A. K. (2011). The developmental roots of social responsibility in childhood and adolescence. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2011(134), 11-25.