Measures and References: Operations

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Numerical Operations Subtest of the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III) (Wechsler, 2009): Standardized test assessing procedural knowledge of Operations, including arithmetic with fractions and negative integers.

References

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Berg, D. H. (2008). Working memory and arithmetic calculation in children: The contributory roles of processing speed, short-term memory, and reading. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 99(4), 288-308.

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De Smedt, B., Holloway, I. D., & Ansari, D. (2011). Effects of problem size and arithmetic operation on brain activation during calculation in children with varying levels of arithmetical fluency. NeuroImage, 57(3), 771-781.

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