Measures and References: Safety

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Peer Victimization Scale (Austin & Joseph, 1996): An assessment of bullying behavior at school for children between eight to 11 years of age.

References

Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335-340.

Austin, S., & Joseph, S. (1996). Assessment of bully/victim problems in 8-11 year-olds. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 447-456.

Boyd, K. S. (2004). The association between student perceptions of safety and academic achievement: The mediating effects of absenteeism. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, CA.

Franzini, L., Taylor, W., Elliott, M. N., Cuccaro, P., Tortolero, S. R., Gilliland, M.J., … Schuster, M. A. (2010). Neighborhood characteristics favorable to outdoor physical activity: Disparities by socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Health & Place, 16(2), 267-274.

Gietz, C., & McIntosh, K. (2014). Relations between student perceptions of their school environment and academic achievement. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 29(3), 161-176.

Glew, G. M., Fan, M., Katon, W., Rivara, F. P., & Kernic, M. A. (2005). Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 1026-1031.

Hernandez, T. J., & Seem, S. R. (2004). A safe school climate: A systems approach and the school counselor. Professional School Counseling, 7, 256-262.

Hymel, S., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Miller, L. (2006). Reading, 'riting, 'rithmetic and relationships: Considering the social side of education. Exceptionality Education Canada, 16(3), 1-44.

Lumeng J.C., Appugliese D., Cabral H.J., Bradley R.H., & Zuckerman B. (2006). Neighborhood safety and overweight status in children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160(1), 25-31.

Milam, A., Furr-Holden, C., & Leaf, P. (2010). Perceived school and neighborhood safety, neighborhood violence and academic achievement in urban school children. The Urban Review, 42(5), 458-467.

Posner, J. K., & Vandell, D. L. (1994). Low-income children's after-school care: Are there beneficial effects of after-school programs? Child Development, 65, 440-456.

Ratner, H. H., Chiodo, L., Covington, C., Sokol, R. J., Ager, J., Delaney-black, V., … Delaney-black, V. (2006). Violence exposure, IQ, academic performance, and children's perception of safety: Evidence of protective effects. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(2), 264-287.

Reuland, M. M., & Mikami, A. Y. (2014). Classroom victimization: Consequences for social and academic adjustment in elementary school. Psychology in the Schools, 51(6), 591-607.

Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1990). Things I Have Seen and Heard: A structured interview for assessing young children's violence exposure. Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health

Rivers, I., Poteat, V. P., Noret, N., & Ashurst, N. (2009). Observing bullying at school: The mental health implications of witness status. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 211-223.

Schwartz, D., & Gorman, A. H. (2003). Community violence exposure and children's academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 163-173.

Schwartz, D., Gorman, A. H., Nakamoto, J., & Toblin, R. L. (2005). Victimization in the peer group and children's academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(3), 425-435.

Schwartz, D., & Proctor, L. J. (2000). Community violence exposure and children's social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 670-83.

Sharkey, P. (2010). The acute effect of local homicides on children's cognitive performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(26), 11733-11738.

Sharkey, P. T., Tirado-Strayer, N., Papachristos, A. V., & Raver, C. C. (2012). The effect of local violence on children's attention and impulse control. American Journal of Public Health, 102(12), 2287-2293.

Simons, R. L., Murry, V., McLoyd, V., Lin, K. H., Cutrona, C., & Conger, R. D. (2002). Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 371-393.

Whitted, K. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2005). Best practices for preventing or reducing bullying in schools. Children __& Schools, 27(3), 167-173.