Measures and References: Sense of Belonging

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS) (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004): Measures ethnic identity exploration, resolution, and affirmation in adolescents and adults.

Panorama's Sense of School Belonging Scale (Gehlbach, 2015): A brief survey measuring how much students feel they are valued members of the school community.

References

Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2018). What Schools Need to Know About Fostering School Belonging: A Meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30(1), 1-34.

Alexander-Passe, N. (2015). The dyslexia experience: Difference, disclosure, labelling, discrimination and stigma. Asia Pacific Journal of Developmental Differences, 2(2), 202-233.

Backhaus, I., Lipson, S. K., Fisher, L. B., Kawachi, I., & Pedrelli, P. (2019). Sexual assault, sense of belonging, depression and suicidality among LGBQ and heterosexual college students. Journal of American College Health, 1-9.

Berman, S. L., Montgomery, M. J., & Ratner, K. (2020). Trauma and identity: A reciprocal relationship? Journal of Adolescence, 79, 275-278.

Boston, C., & Warren, S. R. (2017). The effects of belonging and racial identity on urban African American high school students' achievement. Journal of Urban Learning, Teaching, and Research, 13, 26-33.

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Brice, P., & Strauss, G. (2016). Deaf adolescents in a hearing world: A review of factors affecting psychosocial adaptation. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 6(7), 67-76.

Butler-Barnes, S. T., Leath, S., Williams, A., Byrd, C., Carter, R., & Chavous, T. M. (2018). Promoting resilience among African American girls: Racial identity as a protective factor. Child Development, 89(6), e552-e571.

Burnett, M., McBride, M. S., Green, M. N., & Cooper, S. M. (2022). "When I think of Black girls, I think of opportunities": Black Girls' Identity Development and the Protective Role of Parental Socialization in Educational Settings. Frontiers in Psychology, 4173.

Calzo, J. P., Antonucci, T. C., May, Vickie, M., & Cochran, S. D. (2011). Retrospective recall of sexual orientation identity development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1658-1673.

Daley, S. G., & Rappolt-Schlichtmann, G. (2018). Stigma consciousness among adolescents with learning disabilities: Considering individual experiences of being stereotyped. Learning Disability Quarterly, 41(4), 200-212.

DeNicolo, C. P., Yu, M., Crowley, C. B., & Gabel, S. L. (2017). Reimagining critical care and problematizing sense of school belonging as a response to inequality for immigrants and children of immigrants. Review of Research in Education, 41(1), 500-530.

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Fisher, B. W., Dawson-Edwards, C., Higgins, E. M., & Swartz, K. (2020). Who belongs in school? Examining the link between Black and White racial disparities in sense of school belonging and suspension. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(5), 1481-1499.

Fong, C. J., Alejandro, A. J., Krou, M. R., Segovia, J., & Johnston-Ashton, K. (2019). Ya'at'eeh: Race-reimaged belongingness factors, academic outcomes, and goal pursuits among Indigenous community college students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 59, 101805.

Fuligni, A. J., & Tsai, K. M. (2015). Developmental flexibility in the age of globalization: Autonomy and identity development among immigrant adolescents. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 411-431.

Gehlbach, H. (2015). User Guide: Panorama Student Survey. Boston: Panorama Education. Retrieved from https://www.panoramaed.com/panorama-student-survey

Gopalan, M., & Brady, S. T. (2020). College students' sense of belonging: A national perspective. Educational Researcher, 49(2), 134-137.

Goodman, E., Huang, B., Schafer-Kalkhoff, T., & Adler, N. E. (2007). Perceived socioeconomic status: a new type of identity that influences adolescents' self-rated health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(5), 479-487.

Gray, D. L. L., Hope, E. C., & Matthews, J. S. (2018). Black and belonging at school: A case for interpersonal, instructional, and institutional opportunity structures. Educational Psychologist, 53(2), 97-113.

Henning, J. A., Ballen, C. J., Molina, S. A., & Cotner, S. (2019). Hidden identities shape student perceptions of active learning environments. Frontiers in Education, 4, 129.

Hoffman, A. J., Kurtz-Costes, B., Rowley, S. J., & Adams, E. A. (2017). Bidirectional influence between African American mothers' and children's racial centrality from elementary through high school. Developmental Psychology, 53(6), 1130-1141.

Horowitz, E., Oyserman, D., Dehghani, M., & Sorensen, N. (2020). Do you need a roadmap or can someone give you directions: When school-focused possible identities change so do academic trajectories. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 26-38.

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Huynh, V. W., & Gillen-O'Neel, C. (2016). Discrimination and sleep: The protective role of school belonging. Youth and Society, 48(5), 649-672.

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Jessup, G., Bundy, A. C., Broom, A., & Hancock, N. (2018). Fitting in or feeling excluded: The experiences of high school students with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 112(3), 261-273.

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Kirkpatrick, K. M. (2020). Adolescents with chronic medical conditions and high school completion: The importance of perceived school belonging. Continuity in Education, 1(1).

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