Return to References: Short-term Memory factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
Children's Memory Scale: (Cohen, 1997): Assesses Long- and Short-term Memory in verbal, visual, and attention/concentration domains in students aged five to 16
Test of Memory and Learning: (Reynolds & Voress, 2007): Measures verbal, nonverbal, and composite memory in people aged five to 59
Aben, B., Stapert, S., & Blokland, A. (2012). About the distinction between working memory and short-term memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 30
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2006). Verbal and visuospatial short‐term and working memory in children: Are they separable?. Child Development, 77(6), 1698-1716.
Alloway, T. P., & Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106(1), 20-29.
Astle, D. E., & Scerif, G. (2011). Interactions between attention and visual short-term memory (VSTM): What can be learnt from individual and developmental differences?. Neuropsychologia, 49(6), 1435-1445.
Bjorklund D. F. & Causey K. B. (2017). Children's thinking: cognitive development and individual differences (Sixth). SAGE Publications.
Bourke, L., Davies, S. J., Sumner, E., & Green, C. (2014). Individual differences in the development of early writing skills: Testing the unique contribution of visuo-spatial working memory. Reading and Writing, 27(2), 315-335.
Buttelmann, F., Könen, T., Hadley, L. V., Meaney, J. A., Auyeung, B., Morey, C. C., Chevalier, N., & Karbach, J. (2020). Age-related differentiation in verbal and visuospatial working memory processing in childhood. Psychological Research, 84, 2354-2360.
Cohen, M. J. (1997). Examiner's manual: Children's Memory Scale. Harcourt Brace & Company.
Conti‐Ramsden, G., & Durkin, K. (2007). Phonological short‐term memory, language and literacy: developmental relationships in early adolescence in young people with SLI. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(2), 147-156.
Cowan, N. (2008). What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?. Progress in Brain Research, 169, 323-338.
Gerver, C. R., Griffin, J. W., Dennis, N. A., & Beaty, R. E. (2023). Memory and creativity: A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between memory systems and creative cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1-39.
Harris, M. S., Kronenberger, W. G., Gao, S., Hoen, H. M., Miyamoto, R. T., & Pisoni, D. B. (2013). Verbal short-term memory development and spoken language outcomes in deaf children with cochlear implants. Ear and hearing, 34(2), 179.
Harris, M. S., Kronenberger, W. G., Gao, S., Hoen, H. M., Miyamoto, R. T., & Pisoni, D. B. (2013). Verbal short-term memory development and spoken language outcomes in deaf children with cochlear implants. Ear and Hearing, 34(2), 179.
Kail, R. (1993). The role of a global mechanism in developmental change in speed of processing. Emerging Themes in Cognitive Development: Volume I: Foundations, 97-119.
Kaushanskaya, M., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2011). The relationship between vocabulary and short-term memory measures in monolingual and bilingual speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15(4), 408-425.
Kibby, M. Y., & Cohen, M. J. (2008). Memory functioning in children with reading disabilities and/ or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A clinical investigation of their working memory and long-term memory functioning. Child Neuropsychology, 14(8), 525–546.
Kibby, M. Y. (2009). There are multiple contributors to the verbal short-term memory deficit in children with developmental reading disabilities. Child Neuropsychology, 15(5), 485-506.
Lam, L. F., & Lawlis, T. R. (2017). Feeding the brain–The effects of micronutrient interventions on cognitive performance among school-aged children: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, 36(4), 1007-1014.
Leclercq, A.-L., & Majerus, S. (2010). Serial-order short-term memory predicts vocabulary development: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 417–427.
Loomis, D., Holt, R., Kaufman, J. C., & Kaufman, A. S. (2010). Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1-2.
Marschark, M. (1998). Memory for language in deaf adults and children. Scandinavian Audiology, 27(4), 87-92.
Michaud, C., Musse, N., Nicolas, J. P., & Mejean, L. (1991). Effects of breakfast-size on short-term memory, concentration, mood and blood glucose. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(1), 53-57.
Mizuno, K., Tanaka, M., Fukuda, S., Imai-Matsumura, K., & Watanabe, Y. (2011). Relationship between cognitive function and prevalence of decrease in intrinsic academic motivation in adolescents. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 7(1), 1-11.
Occelli, V., Lacey, S., Stephens, C., Merabet, L. B., & Sathian, K. (2017). Enhanced verbal abilities in the congenitally blind. Experimental Brain Research, 235, 1709-1718.
Okray, Z., Jacob, P. F., Stern, C., Desmond, K., Otto, N., Talbot, C. B., ... & Waddell, S. (2023). Multisensory learning binds neurons into a cross-modal memory engram. Nature, 1-8.
Perez, T. M., Majerus, S., Mahot, A., & Poncelet, M. (2012). Evidence for a specific impairment of serial order short‐term memory in dyslexic children. Dyslexia, 18(2), 94-109.
Reynolds, C. R., & Voress, J. K. (2007). Test of memory and learning (TOMAL 2). Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
Sarver, D. E., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., Scanlan, S. W., Raiker, J. S., Altro, T. A., & Bolden, J. (2012). Attention problems, phonological short-term memory, and visuospatial short-term memory: Differential effects on near-and long-term scholastic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(1), 8-19.
Schneider, W., & Niklas, F. (2017). Intelligence and verbal short-term memory/working memory: Their interrelationships from childhood to young adulthood and their impact on academic achievement. Journal of Intelligence, 5(2), 26.
Stefansdottir, R., Gundersen, H., Rognvaldsdottir, V., Lundervold, A. S., Gestsdottir, S., Gudmundsdottir, S. L., ... & Johannsson, E. (2020). Association between free-living sleep and memory and attention in healthy adolescents. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 16877.
Swanson, H. L., & Luxenberg, D. (2009). Short-term memory and working memory in children with blindness: Support for a domain general or domain specific system? Child Neuropsychology, 15(3), 280-294.
Swanson, L., & Kim, K. (2007). Working memory, short-term memory, and naming speed as predictors of children's mathematical performance. Intelligence, 35(2), 151-168.
Swanson, H. L., Zheng, X., & Jerman, O. (2009). Working memory, short-term memory, and reading disabilities: A selective meta-analysis of the literature. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(3), 260-287.
Szucs, D., Devine, A., Soltesz, F., Nobes, A., & Gabriel, F. (2013). Developmental dyscalculia is related to visuo-spatial memory and inhibition impairment. Cortex, 49(10), 2674-2688.
Thorn, A. S., & Gathercole, S. E. (1999). Language-specific knowledge and short-term memory in bilingual and non-bilingual children. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 52(2), 303-324.
Wokuri, S., Gonthier, C., Marec‐Breton, N., & Majerus, S. (2023). Heterogeneity of short‐term memory deficits in children with dyslexia. Dyslexia.