Measures and References: Speed of Processing

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities (Schrank et al., 2014): Contains three subtests that examine Speed of Processing: Number-Pattern Matching, Pair Cancellation, and Letter-Pattern Matching

References

Ball, K., Edwards, J. D., & Ross, L. A. (2007). The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday functions. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(Special_Issue_1), 19-31.

Bryan, J., Luszcz, M. A., & Crawford, J. R. (1997). Verbal knowledge and speed of information processing as mediators of age differences in verbal fluency performance among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12(3), 473.

Deary, I. J., & Der, G. (2005). Reaction time, age, and cognitive ability: Longitudinal findings from age 16 to 63 years in representative population samples. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 12(2), 187-215.

de Souza, B. C., & Rangel Jr, J. F. L. B. (2015). Speed of processing and creativity in the Digital Age. Business Creativity and the Creative Economy, 1(1), 13-21.

Dryden, A., Allen, H. A., Henshaw, H., & Heinrich, A. (2017). The association between cognitive performance and speech-in-noise perception for adult listeners: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Trends in Hearing, 21, 1-21.

Dry, M. J., Burns, N. R., Nettelbeck, T., Farquharson, A. L., & White, J. M. (2012). Dose-related effects of alcohol on cognitive functioning. PLoS ONE, 7(11), 1-8.

Elgamal, S. A., Roy, E. A., & Sharratt, M. T. (2011). Age and verbal fluency: The mediating effect of speed of processing. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 14(3), 66-72.

Geary, D. C., & Wiley, J. G. (1991). Cognitive addition: Strategy choice and speed-of-processing differences in young and elderly adults. Psychology and Aging, 6(3), 474-483.

Geboers, B., Uiters, E., Reijneveld, S. A., Jansen, C. J., Almansa, J., Nooyens, A. C., ... & Picavet, H. S. J. (2018). Health literacy among older adults is associated with their 10-years' cognitive functioning and decline-the Doetinchem Cohort Study. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1), 77.

Haigh, S. M., Walsh, J. A., Mazefsky, C. A., Minshew, N. J., & Eack, S. M. (2018). Processing speed is impaired in adults with autism spectrum disorder, and relates to social communication abilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(8), 2653-2662.

Holdnack, J. A., Moberg, P. J., Arnold, S. E., Gur, R. C., et al. (1995). Speed of processing and verbal learning deficits in adults diagnosed with attention deficit disorder. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology, 8(4), 282-292.

Ihle, A., Mons, U., Perna, L., Oris, M., Fagot, D., Gabriel, R., & Kliegel, M. (2016). The relation of obesity to performance in verbal abilities, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility in old age: the role of cognitive reserve. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 42(1-2), 117-126.

Kricos, P. B. (2006). Audiologic management of older adults with hearing loss and compromised cognitive/psychoacoustic auditory processing capabilities. Trends in Amplification, 10(1), 1-28.

Laasonen, M., Leppamaki, S., Tani, P., & Hokkanen, L. (2009). Adult dyslexia and attention deficit disorder in Finland—Project DyAdd: WAIS-III cognitive profiles. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(6), 511-527.

Leib, S. I., Keezer, R. D., Cerny, B. M., Holbrook, L. R., Gallagher, V. T., Jennette, K. J., ... & Soble, J. R. (2021). Distinct latent profiles of working memory and processing speed in adults with ADHD._ Developmental Neuropsychology, 46_(8), 574-587.

Lim, J. & Dinges, D. F. (2010). A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 375-389.

McGrew, K. S., & Knopik, S. N. (1993). The relationship between the WJ-R Gf-Gc cognitive clusters and writing achievement across the life-span. School Psychology Review, 22(4), 687-695.

Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing. Psychological Science, 2(3), 179-183.

Salthouse, T. A. (2000). Aging and measures of processing speed. Biological Psychology, 54(1-3), 35-54.

Schrank, F. A., McGrew, K. S., Mather, N., Wendling, B. J., & LaForte, E. M. (2014). Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement: Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing Company.

Stoet, G., Markey, H., & Lopez, B. (2007). Dyslexia and attentional shifting. Neuroscience Letters, 427(1), 61-65.

Wilson, A. J., Andrewes, S. G., Struthers, H., Rowe, V. M., Bogdanovic, R., & Waldie, K. E. (2015). Dyscalculia and dyslexia in adults: Cognitive bases of comorbidity. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 118-132.

Wilson, R.S., Boyle, P.A., Yu, L., Barnes, L.L., Schneider, J.A. & Bennett, D.A. (2013). Life-span cognitive activity, neuropathologic burden, and cognitive aging. Neurology, 81(4), 314-321.

Wong, P. C., Jin, J. X., Gunasekera, G. M., Abel, R., Lee, E. R., & Dhar, S. (2009). Aging and cortical mechanisms of speech perception in noise. Neuropsychologia, 47(3), 693-703.