Measures and References: Visual Processing

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) (Rey, 1941): Evaluates Visual Spatial Processing and memory for visual-spatial information

Computer-Based Vision Tasks (Boros et al., 2016): Asks students to remember or respond to the spatial position or a specific visual characteristic of either letters/words or non-linguistic symbols (often important to include so language skills do not impact scores)

The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration - 6th Edition (Beery et al., 2010): Assesses visual-motor integration, including supplemental tests to assess visual perception and motor coordination, for individuals between 2-100 years old

References

Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417-423.

Beery, K. E., Buktenica, N. A., & Beery, N. A. (2010). The Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration: Administration, scoring, and teaching manual (6th ed.). Minneapolis, MN: NSC Pearson.

Boros, M., Anton, J. L., Pech-Georgel, C., Grainger, J., Szwed, M., & Ziegler, J. C. (2016). Orthographic processing deficits in developmental dyslexia: Beyond the ventral visual stream. NeuroImage, 128, 316-327.

Bullier, J. (2001). Integrated model of visual processing. Brain Research Reviews, 36(2-3), 96-107.

Carlson, A. G., Rowe, E., & Curby, T. W. (2013). Disentangling fine motor skills relations to academic achievement: The relative contributions of visual-spatial integration and visual-motor coordination. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 174(5), 514-533.

Chamberlain, R., Brunswick, N., Siev, J., & McManus, I. C. (2018). Meta‐analytic findings reveal lower means but higher variances in visuospatial ability in dyslexia. British Journal of Psychology, 109(4), 897-916.

Gardner, M. F. (1982). Test of Visual Perceptual Skills. Seattle, WA: Special Child Publications.

Gordon, M. (1991). Instruction manual for the Gordon Diagnostic System, model III-R. DeWitt, New York: Gordon Systems, Inc.

Rey, A. (1941). L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique. (Les Problems). Archives de Psychologie, 28, 286-340.

Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2008). Object-based auditory and visual attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(5), 182-186.

Valdois, S. (2022). The visual-attention span deficit in developmental dyslexia: Review of evidence for a visual attention-based deficit. _Dyslexia _1-19.