Writing can become personally meaningful when students have an actual audience and a real purpose for communicating with that audience.

Physically acting out a text enhances reading comprehension.

Instruction in multiple formats allows students to activate different cognitive skills to understand and remember the steps they are to take in their literacy work.

Visiting places connected to classroom learning provides opportunities to deepen understanding through firsthand experiences.

As students walk through stations working in small groups, the social and physical nature of the learning supports deeper understanding.

Students activate more cognitive processes by exploring and representing their understandings in visual form.

As students work with and process information by discussing, organizing, and sharing it together, they deepen their understanding.

Providing visuals to introduce, support, or review instruction activates more cognitive processes to support learning.

Providing space and time for students to reflect is critical for moving what they have learned into Long-term Memory.