Maintaining consistent classroom routines and schedules ensures that students are able to trust and predict what will happen next.

Content that is provided in clear, short chunks can support students' Working Memory.

Wait time, or think time, of three or more seconds after posing a question increases how many students volunteer and the length and accuracy of their responses.

Teachers sharing math-to-self, math-to-math, and math-to-world connections model math schema building.

When students have meaningful discussions about math and use math vocabulary, they develop the thinking, questioning, and explanation skills needed to master mathematical concepts.

In guided inquiry, teachers help students use their own language for constructing knowledge by active listening and questioning.

Visual representations help students understand what a number represents as well as recognize relationships between numbers.

Instruction in multiple formats allows students to activate different cognitive skills to understand and remember the steps they are to take in their math work.

A word wall helps build the Math Communication and vocabulary skills that are necessary for problem solving.

Sentence frames or stems can serve as language support to enrich students' participation in academic discussions.

Analyzing incorrect worked examples is especially beneficial for helping students develop a conceptual understanding of mathematical processes.

Students deepen their math understanding as they use and hear others use specific math language in informal ways.

When students explain their thinking process aloud with guidance in response to questions or prompts, they recognize the strategies they use and solidify their understanding.

Analyzing and discussing solved problems helps students develop a deeper understanding of abstract mathematical processes.

Providing physical and virtual representations of numbers and math concepts helps activate mental processes.

Visualizing how ideas fit together helps students construct meaning and strengthens recall.

Students activate more cognitive processes by exploring and representing their understandings in visual form.

As students walk through stations working in small groups, the social and physical nature of the learning supports deeper understanding.

Writing freely about one's emotions about a specific activity, such as taking a test, can help students cope with negative Emotion, such as math anxiety.

Learning about students' cultures and connecting them to instructional practices helps foster a Sense of Belonging and mitigate Stereotype Threat.

As students solve problems in a group, they learn new strategies and practice communicating their mathematical thinking.

Providing space and time for students to reflect is critical for moving what they have learned into Long-term Memory.

Having students teach their knowledge, skills, and understanding to their classmates strengthens learning.

Setting overall goals, as well as smaller goals as steps to reaching them, encourages consistent, achievable progress and helps students feel confident in their skills and abilities.