Measures and References: Reasoning

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1981): A paper and pencil measure of non-verbal critical thinking and fluid intelligence in students six years and older.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) (Wechsler, 1994): The Similarities subtest measures Verbal Reasoning. Two similar but different concepts are presented, and the student is asked to tell how they are alike or different.

References

Beaty, R. E., & Silvia, P. J. (2013). Metaphorically speaking: Cognitive abilities and the production of figurative language. Memory and Cognition, 41(2), 255-267.

Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Sommer, M., Arendasy, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2014). Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity. Intelligence, 46(1), 73-83.

Dumontheil, I., Wolf, L. K., & Blakemore, S. J. (2016). Audience effects on the neural correlates of relational reasoning in adolescence. Neuropsychologia, 87, 85-95.

Fry, A. F., & Hale, S. (2000). Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children. Biological Psychology, 54, 1-34.

Kane, M. J., Tuholski, S. W., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004). The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(2), 189-217.

Kievit, R. A., Lindenberger, U., Goodyer, I. M., Jones, P. B., Fonagy, P., Bullmore, E. T., The Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network & Dolan, R. J. (2017). Mutualistic coupling between vocabulary and reasoning supports cognitive development during late adolescence and early adulthood. Psychological science, 28(10), 1419-1431.

Nippold, M. A., & Ward-Lonergan, J. M. (2010). Argumentative writing in pre-adolescents: The role of verbal reasoning. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 26(3), 238-248.

Raven, J. (1981). Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary scales. Research supplement no. 1: The 1979 British standardisation of the standard progressive matrices and mill hill vocabulary scales, together with comparative data from earlier studies in the UK, US, Canada, Germany and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press; San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

Richland, L. E., & Burchinal, M. R. (2013). Early Executive Function Predicts Reasoning Development. Psychological Science, 24(1), 87-92.

Rindermann, H., & Neubauer, A. C. (2004). Processing speed, intelligence, creativity, and school performance: Testing of causal hypotheses using structural equation models. Intelligence, 32(6), 573-589.

Silvia, P. J., & Beaty, R. E. (2012). Making creative metaphors: The importance of fluid intelligence for creative thought. Intelligence, 40(4), 343-351.

Tourva, A., Spanoudis, G., & Demetriou, A. (2016). Cognitive correlates of developing intelligence: The contribution of working memory, processing speed and attention. Intelligence, 54, 136-146.

Vendetti, M. S., Matlen, B. J., Richland, L. E., & Bunge, S. A. (2015). Analogical reasoning in the classroom: Insights from cognitive science. Mind, Brain, and Education, 9(2), 100-106.

Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fifth edition. Bloomington, MN: Pearson

Williams, A. M., & Prince, P. (2017). How does anxiety influence fluid reasoning?. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 6(3), 248-254.

Wolf, L. K., Bazargani, N., Kilford, E. J., Dumontheil, I., & Blakemore, S. J. (2015). The audience effect in adolescence depends on who's looking over your shoulder. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 5-14.