Measures and References: Short-term Memory

Return to Short-term Memory factor page.

Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) (Wechsler, 2010): Has measures of auditory and visual Short-term Memory and Working Memory for adults 16-90 years old.

References

Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417-423.

Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Scott, T. M., Capelli, S., Delaney, R., McCarthy, G., & Charney, D. S. (1995). Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Psychiatry Research, 59(1-2), 97-107.

Cheng, S., & Strough, J. (2003). A comparison of collaborative and individual everyday problem solving in younger and older adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 58(3), 167-195.

Cowan, N., Nugent, L. D., Elliott, E. M., Ponomarev, I., & Saults, J. S. (1999). The role of attention in the development of short‐term memory: Age differences in the verbal span of apprehension. Child Development, 70(5), 1082-1097.

Cowan, N. (2008). What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? Progress in Brain Research, 169, 323-338.

Craik, F. I., Bialystok, E., & Freedman, M. (2010). Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. Neurology, 75(19), 1726-1729.

Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Huizenga, H. M., Wiers, R. W., & Prins, P. J. (2015). Prevalence and diagnostic validity of motivational impairments and deficits in visuospatial short-term memory and working memory in ADHD subtypes. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(5), 575-590.

Fanuel, L., Portrat, S., Dalla Bella, S., Tillmann, B., & Plancher, G. (2020). Do temporal regularities during maintenance benefit short-term memory in the elderly? Inhibition capacities matter. Experimental Aging Research, 46(5), 396-415.

Haynes, J. T., Frith, E., Sng, E., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2019). Experimental effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function: Considerations for the timing of exercise. Psychological Reports, 122(5), 1744-1754.

Hess, T.M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S.J., and Rahhal, T.A. (2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58(1), P3-P11.

Jaroslawska, A. J., & Rhodes, S. (2019). Adult age differences in the effects of processing on storage in working memory: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 34(4), 512.

Kane, M. J., Tuholski, S. W., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004). The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(2), 189-217.

Keenan, T. D., Agron, E., Mares, J. A., Clemons, T. E., van Asten, F., Swaroop, A., & Chew, E. Y. (2020). Adherence to a mediterranean diet and cognitive function in the age‐related eye disease studies 1 & 2. Alzheimer's & Dementia.

Kemps, E., & Newson, R. (2006). Comparison of adult age differences in verbal and visuo-spatial memory: the importance of 'pure', parallel and validated measures. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(3), 341-356.

Lim, J. & Dinges, D. F. (2010). A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep depri-vation on cognitive variables. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 375-389.

Martinez, K., Burgaleta, M., Roman, F. J., Escorial, S., Shih, P. C., Quiroga, M. Á., & Colom, R. (2011). Can fluid intelligence be reduced to "simple" short-term storage? Intelligence, 39(6), 473-480.

McCoy, S. L., Tun, P. A., Cox, L. C., Colangelo, M., Stewart, R. A., & Wingfield, A. (2005). Hearing loss and perceptual effort: Downstream effects on older adults' memory for speech. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(1), 22-33.

Mitchell, D. J., & Cusack, R. (2018). Visual short-term memory through the lifespan: Preserved benefits of context and metacognition. Psychology and Aging, 33(5), 841-854.

Park, D. C., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N. S., Smith, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 17(2), 299-320.

Quinlan, D. M., & Brown, T. E. (2003). Assessment of short-term verbal memory impairments in adolescents and adults with ADHD. Journal of attention disorders, 6(4), 143-152.

Wilson, A. J., Andrewes, S. G., Struthers, H., Rowe, V. M., Bogdanovic, R., & Waldie, K. E. (2015). Dyscalculia and dyslexia in adults: Cognitive bases of comorbidity. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 118-132.