Measures and References: Spatial Skills

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

Block Design subtest (WISC-IV) (Wechsler, 2003): Measures the ability to mentally assemble and analyze abstract visual stimuli in students six to 16 years old.

References

Atit, K., Power, J. R., Veurink, N., Uttal, D. H., Sorby, S., Panther, G., ... & Carr, M. (2020). Examining the role of spatial skills and mathematics motivation on middle school mathematics achievement. International Journal of STEM Education, 7, 1-13.

Blatto-Vallee, G., Kelly, R. R., Gaustad, M. G., Porter, J., & Fonzi, J. (2007). Visual - spatial representation in mathematical problem solving by deaf and hearing students. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 12(4), 432-448.

Della Sala, S., Gray, C., Baddeley, A., Allamano, N., & Wilson, L. (1999). Pattern span: A tool for unwelding visuo-spatial memory. Neuropsychologia, 37(10), 1189-1199.

Holmes, J., Adams, J. W., Hamilton, C. J. (2008). The relationship between visuospatial sketchpad capacity and children's mathematical skills. European Journal Of Cognitive Psychology, 20(2), 272-289.

Jansen, P., Schmelter, A., Kasten, L., & Heil, M. (2011). Impaired mental rotation performance in overweight children. Appetite, 56(3), 766-769.

Jansen, P., Ellinger, J., & Lehmann, J. (2018). Increased physical education at school improves the visual-spatial cognition during adolescence. Educational Psychology, 38(7), 964-976.

Kyttala, M., & Lehto, J. E. (2008). Some factors underlying mathematical performance : The role of visuospatial working memory and non-verbal intelligence. European Journal of Psychology Education, 23(1), 77-94.

Lauer, J. E., Yhang, E., & Lourenco, S. F. (2019). The development of gender differences in spatial reasoning: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 145(6), 537-565.

Pittalis, M., & Christou, C. (2010). Types of reasoning in 3D geometry thinking and their relation with spatial ability. _Educational Studies in Mathematics, 75(_2), 191-212.

Pruden, S. M., Levine, S. C., & Huttenlocher, J. (2011). Children's spatial thinking: Does talk about the spatial world matter? Developmental Science, 14(6), 1417-1430.

Ungar, S., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. (1996). The construction of cognitive maps by children with visual impairments. In The Construction of Cognitive Maps (pp. 247-273). Springer, Dordrecht.

Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 352-402.

Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.