Return to References: Stereotype Threat factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
Diagnostic Comparisons: Stereotype threat is typically measured by comparing a group of students vulnerable to Stereotype Threat, who take a reading or writing test and are told the test is diagnostic of their reading or writing abilities, to a group of students who are also vulnerable to Stereotype Threat and are told the test is non-diagnostic. If students in the “non-threat” group perform better than the students in the “threat” group this is evidence that Stereotype Threat has negatively influenced performance.
Stereotype-Consciousness Interview: (McKown & Strambler, 2009): The interview measures students' knowledge of cultural stereotypes which can affect their susceptibility to stereotype threat effects.
Barrie, R. E., Langrehr, K., Jerémie-Brink, G., Alder, N., Hewitt, A., & Thomas, A. (2016). Stereotypical beliefs and psychological well-being of African American adolescent girls: Collective self-esteem as a moderator. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 29(4), 423-442.
Beilock, S. L., Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2007). Stereotype threat and working memory: Mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 256-276.
Hartley, B. L., & Sutton, R. M. (2013). A stereotype threat account of boys' academic underachievement. Child Development, 84(5), 1716-1733.
McKown, C., & Strambler, M. J. (2009). Developmental antecedents and social and academic consequences of stereotype‐consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development, 80(6), 1643-1659.
McKown, C., & Weinstein, R. S. (2003). The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development, 74(2), 498-515.
Muntoni, F., Wagner, J., & Retelsdorf, J., (2020). Beware of stereotypes: Are classmates' stereotypes associated with students' reading outcomes? Child Development
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336-356.
Wasserberg, M. J. (2014). Stereotype threat effects on African American children in an urban elementary school. The Journal of Experimental Education, 82(4), 502-517.
Wasserberg, M. J. (2017). High-achieving African American elementary students' perspectives on standardized testing and stereotypes. The Journal of Negro Education, 86(1), 40-51.
Wegmann, K. M. (2017). “His skin doesn't match what he wants to do”: Children's perceptions of stereotype threat. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(6), 615-625.
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