Measures and References: Visual Processing

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Measures

Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.

NAB Visual Discrimination Task (Stern & White, 2003): A simple match-to-sample task that can be used to measure adults' visual perception and visual-spatial skills.

Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities (Schrank et al., 2014): Contains tests of Visual Processing including Block Rotation and Spatial Relations.

References

Al-Wabil, A., Zaphiris, P., & Wilson, S. (2007, July). Web navigation for individuals with dyslexia: an exploratory study. In International conference on universal access in human-computer interaction (pp. 593-602). Springer.

Ball, K. K., Beard, B. L., Roenker, D. L., Miller, R. L., & Griggs, D. S. (1988). Age and visual search: Expanding the useful field of view. JOSA A, 5(12), 2210-2219.

Ball, K., Edwards, J. D., & Ross, L. A. (2007). The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday functions. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(Special_Issue_1), 19-31.

Ben-Yehudah, G., & Ahissar, M. (2004). Sequential spatial frequency discrimination is consistently impaired among adult dyslexics. Vision Research, 44(10), 1047-1063.

Bramao, I., Mendonça, A., Faisca, L., Ingvar, M., Peterson, K. M., & Reis, A. (2007). The impact of reading and writing skills on a visuo-motor integration task: A comparison between illiterate and literate subjects. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 359-364.

Bullier, J. (2001). Integrated model of visual processing. Brain Research Reviews, 36(2-3), 96-107.

Carreiras, M., Monahan, P. J., Lizarazu, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Molinaro, N. (2015). Numbers are not like words: Different pathways for literacy and numeracy. NeuroImage, 118, 79-89.

Cliff, M., Joyce, D. W., Lamar, M., Dannhauser, T., Tracy, D. K., & Shergill, S. S. (2013). Aging effects on functional auditory and visual processing using fMRI with variable sensory loading. Cortex, 49(5), 1304-1313.

Conlon, E. G., Wright, C. M., Norris, K., & Chekaluk, E. (2011). Does a sensory processing deficit explain counting accuracy on rapid visual sequencing tasks in adults with and without dyslexia? Brain and Cognition, 76(1), 197-205.

Demb, J., Boynton, G., & Heeger, D. (1998). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of early visual pathways in dyslexia. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(17), 6939-6951.

​​Facoetti, A., Paganoni, P., Turatto, M., Marzola, V., & Mascetti, G. G. (2000). Visual-spatial attention in developmental dyslexia. Cortex, 36(1), 109-123.

Ferrandez, A. M., & Pouthas, V. (2001). Does cerebral activity change in middle-aged adults in a visual discrimination task? Neurobiology of Aging, 22(4), 645-657.

Habekost, T., Vogel, A., Rostrup, E., Bundesen, C., Kyllingsbaek, S., Garde, E., ... & Waldemar, G. (2013). Visual processing speed in old age. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 89-94.

Haist, F., Wazny, J. H., Toomarian, E., & Adamo, M. (2015). Development of brain systems for nonsymbolic numerosity and the relationship to formal math academic achievement. Human Brain Mapping, 36(2), 804-826.

Harvey, A. J., Kneller, W., & Campbell, A. C. (2013). The effects of alcohol intoxication on attention and memory for visual scenes. Memory, 21(8), 969-980.

Kim, E., Park, Y.-K., Byun, Y.-H., Park, M.-S., & Kim, H. (2014). Influence of aging on visual perception and visual motor integration in Korean adults. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 10(4), 245-250.

Liang, M., Liu, J., Cai, Y., Zhao, F., Chen, S., Chen, L., ... & Zheng, Y. (2020). Event-related potential evidence of enhanced visual processing in auditory-associated cortex in adults with hearing loss. Audiology and Neurotology, 1-12.

Moores, E., Cassim, R., & Talcott, J. B. (2011). Adults with dyslexia exhibit large effects of crowding, increased dependence on cues, and detrimental effects of distractors in visual search tasks. Neuropsychologia, 49(14), 3881-3890.

Osmon, D. C., Smerz, J. M., Braun, M. M., & Plambeck, E. (2006). Processing abilities associated with math skills in adult learning disability. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(1), 84-95.

Owsley, C. (2013). Visual processing speed. Vision Research, 90, 52-56.

Owsley, C., Ball, K., McGwin Jr, G., Sloane, M. E., Roenker, D. L., White, M. F., & Overley, E. T. (1998). Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults. Jama, 279(14), 1083-1088.

Rogge, A. K., Roder, B., Zech, A., Nagel, V., Hollander, K., Braumann, K. M., & Hotting, K. (2017). Balance training improves memory and spatial cognition in healthy adults. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-10.

Schulte-Korne, G., & Bruder, J. (2010). Clinical neurophysiology of visual and auditory processing in dyslexia: A review. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(11), 1794-1809.

Schrank, F. A., McGrew, K. S., Mather, N., Wendling, B. J., & LaForte, E. M. (2014). Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement: Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing Company.

Stern, R. A., & White, T. (2003). NAB, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery: Administration, scoring, and interpretation manual. Lutz (FL): Psychological Assessment Resources.

Stickgold, R., Whidbee, D., Schirmer, B., Patel, V., & Hobson, J. A. (2000). Visual discrimination task improvement: A multi-step process occurring during sleep. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(2), 246-254.

Von Karolyi, C., Winner, E., Gray, W., & Sherman, G. F. (2003). Dyslexia linked to talent: Global visual-spatial ability. Brain and Language, 85(3), 427-431.

Valdois, S. (2022). The visual-attention span deficit in developmental dyslexia: Review of evidence for a visual attention-based deficit. _Dyslexia _1-19.