Return to References: Visual Processing factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
NAB Visual Discrimination Task: (Stern & White, 2003): A simple match-to-sample task that can be used to measure adults' visual perception and visual-spatial skills.
Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities: (Schrank et al., 2014): Contains tests of Visual Processing including Block Rotation and Spatial Relations.
Ball, K. K., Beard, B. L., Roenker, D. L., Miller, R. L., & Griggs, D. S. (1988). Age and visual search: Expanding the useful field of view. JOSA A, 5(12), 2210-2219.
Ball, K., Edwards, J. D., & Ross, L. A. (2007). The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday functions. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(Special_Issue_1), 19-31.
Ben-Yehudah, G., & Ahissar, M. (2004). Sequential spatial frequency discrimination is consistently impaired among adult dyslexics. Vision Research, 44(10), 1047–1063.
Bramão, I., Mendonça, A., Faísca, L., Ingvar, M., Peterson, K. M., & Reis, A. (2007). The impact of reading and writing skills on a visuo-motor integration task: A comparison between illiterate and literate subjects. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 359–364.
Bullier, J. (2001). Integrated model of visual processing. Brain Research Reviews, 36(2-3), 96-107.
Carreiras, M., Monahan, P. J., Lizarazu, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Molinaro, N. (2015). Numbers are not like words: Different pathways for literacy and numeracy. NeuroImage, 118, 79–89.
Cliff, M., Joyce, D. W., Lamar, M., Dannhauser, T., Tracy, D. K., & Shergill, S. S. (2013). Aging effects on functional auditory and visual processing using fMRI with variable sensory loading. Cortex, 49(5), 1304-1313.
Conlon, E. G., Wright, C. M., Norris, K., & Chekaluk, E. (2011). Does a sensory processing deficit explain counting accuracy on rapid visual sequencing tasks in adults with and without dyslexia? Brain and Cognition, 76(1), 197–205.
Demb, J., Boynton, G., & Heeger, D. (1998). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of early visual pathways in dyslexia. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(17), 6939–6951.
Facoetti, A., Paganoni, P., Turatto, M., Marzola, V., & Mascetti, G. G. (2000). Visual-spatial attention in developmental dyslexia. Cortex, 36(1), 109-123.
Ferrandez, A. M., & Pouthas, V. (2001). Does cerebral activity change in middle-aged adults in a visual discrimination task? Neurobiology of Aging, 22(4), 645–657.
Habekost, T., Vogel, A., Rostrup, E., Bundesen, C., Kyllingsbaek, S., Garde, E., ... & Waldemar, G. (2013). Visual processing speed in old age. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 89-94.
Haist, F., Wazny, J. H., Toomarian, E., & Adamo, M. (2015). Development of brain systems for nonsymbolic numerosity and the relationship to formal math academic achievement. Human Brain Mapping, 36(2), 804–826.
Harvey, A. J., Kneller, W., & Campbell, A. C. (2013). The effects of alcohol intoxication on attention and memory for visual scenes. Memory, 21(8), 969–980.
Kim, E., Park, Y.-K., Byun, Y.-H., Park, M.-S., & Kim, H. (2014). Influence of aging on visual perception and visual motor integration in Korean adults. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 10(4), 245–250.
Liang, M., Liu, J., Cai, Y., Zhao, F., Chen, S., Chen, L., ... & Zheng, Y. (2020). Event-related potential evidence of enhanced visual processing in auditory-associated cortex in adults with hearing loss. Audiology and Neurotology, 1-12.
Moores, E., Cassim, R., & Talcott, J. B. (2011). Adults with dyslexia exhibit large effects of crowding, increased dependence on cues, and detrimental effects of distractors in visual search tasks. Neuropsychologia, 49(14), 3881–3890.
Osmon, D. C., Smerz, J. M., Braun, M. M., & Plambeck, E. (2006). Processing abilities associated with math skills in adult learning disability. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(1), 84–95.
Owsley, C. (2013). Visual processing speed. Vision Research, 90, 52-56.
Owsley, C., Ball, K., McGwin Jr, G., Sloane, M. E., Roenker, D. L., White, M. F., & Overley, E. T. (1998). Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults. Jama, 279(14), 1083-1088.
Rogge, A. K., Röder, B., Zech, A., Nagel, V., Hollander, K., Braumann, K. M., & Hötting, K. (2017). Balance training improves memory and spatial cognition in healthy adults. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–10.
Schulte-Körne, G., & Bruder, J. (2010). Clinical neurophysiology of visual and auditory processing in dyslexia: A review. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(11), 1794–1809.
Schrank, F. A., McGrew, K. S., Mather, N., Wendling, B. J., & LaForte, E. M. (2014). Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement: Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing Company.
Stern, R. A., & White, T. (2003). NAB, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery: Administration, scoring, and interpretation manual. Lutz (FL): Psychological Assessment Resources.
Stickgold, R., Whidbee, D., Schirmer, B., Patel, V., & Hobson, J. A. (2000). Visual discrimination task improvement: A multi-step process occurring during sleep. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(2), 246–254.
Von Károlyi, C., Winner, E., Gray, W., & Sherman, G. F. (2003). Dyslexia linked to talent: Global visual-spatial ability. Brain and Language, 85(3), 427–431.
Valdois, S. (2022). The visual-attention span deficit in developmental dyslexia: Review of evidence for a visual attention-based deficit. Dyslexia 1-19.