When teachers provide students with model texts for their writing, they learn to identify effective elements to incorporate into their own writing.

Sentence frames or stems provide language support for students' writing and participation in academic discussions.

Providing multiple texts on the same topic or theme allows students to interact with multiple perspectives and develop their critical thinking skills.

Selecting culturally responsive reading materials, including multicultural and diverse texts, is critical for supporting all students.

By observing, rereading, and closely analyzing published writing, students see examples and learn the strategies of good writing that they can integrate into their own Composition.

Explicitly teaching strategies for planning, writing, and revising texts improves students' writing quality.

Providing guiding prompts and questions for students to use when reading or participating in discussions deepens their understanding of texts and gives them space to question and grapple with issues of power, justice, and equity.

Instruction in multiple formats allows students to activate different cognitive skills and Background Knowledge that are necessary to remember procedural and content information.

Checklists and rubrics help students understand expectations as they navigate more complex tasks and assignments.

When students write from a non-dominant or marginalized perspective, they consider and give voice to points of view that are often missing.

When peers are able to work together to plan, draft, edit, and revise during the Composition process, their writing quality improves.

For adolescent learners, the Composition process can become more robust, as learners begin to express ideas through multiple media, which includes visual, audio, and digital production.

Increasing how much and how frequently students write improves both their writing quality and content knowledge.

When preparing for and debating with peers, students analyze, form, and express verbal arguments, fostering their critical thinking and literacy skills.

When adolescents can connect and communicate with authentic audiences about their interests and values, reading and writing become more personally meaningful and relevant.

Setting overall goals with actionable steps for achievement can help students feel more confident in their skills and abilities.

Writing conferences allow students to fully immerse, share, reflect, and receive feedback during the writing process, promoting Motivation for continuing the sometimes lengthy revision process that occurs in the upper grades.

Providing constructive feedback supports students' writing development by letting them know how to improve their writing.

Journaling allows students to reflect on their thinking and feelings, process their learning, and connect new information to what they know, supporting their identity development and Sense of Belonging.

+When students are aware that learning involves effort, mistakes, reflection, and refinement of strategies, they are more resilient when they struggle.

Student reflection on learning, particularly when done collaboratively, is critical for moving knowledge of content and strategies into Long-term Memory.