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Literacy 4-6

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Literacy 4-6 > Factors > Phonological Processing

Phonological Processing

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How Phonological Processing connects to...

Phonological Processing is being able to rapidly detect and understand sounds in spoken and written words. These skills help students decode full words, a key step to developing strong spoken and written language abilities. In fact, the development of Phonological Processing and literacy skills is reciprocal: the development of one set of skills influences the development of the other.

Main Ideas

Phonological Processing involves a variety of skills:

  • Phonological Awareness: Understanding the sounds that form a language (phonemes) and the sound structure of a language. This also includes the ability to manipulate and analyze this structure (e.g., discriminating whether words rhyme, understanding how sounds can be manipulated to form new words);
  • Phonological Short-term Memory: Temporarily storing, but not manipulating, phonological information;
  • Phonological Working Memory: Temporarily storing and manipulating phonemes in Short- and Long-term Memory during tasks that require Phonological Awareness;
  • Phonological Retrieval: The ability to recall the speech sounds that are associated with written letters of a language; and
  • Phonemic Awareness: The ability to manipulate phonemes (speech sounds like /p/ or /b/), which are the smallest units of sounds in language.

Dyslexia is typically defined by difficulty with Phonological Awareness, which contributes to difficulties with many aspects of reading development, including Decoding. Early detection and treatment of dyslexia or difficulties with Phonological Awareness can facilitate better learning and social-emotional outcomes for students, including increased reading achievement and confidence surrounding literacy and academic activities.

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